[Python] Type annotation fixes

[dbrattli]

• Fix BaseException assignments in except blocks
• Fix type narrowing issues with arrow (lambda) functions
• Fix interface method generation, property of callable vs method (match the interface being implemented)
• Fix option annotation within invariant contaners (e.g arrays)

[github-actions]

Python Type Checking Results (Pyright)

✅ All non-excluded files pass

Metric	Value
Excluded files	3

Files excluded from type checking

These files have known type errors and are excluded from CI. Remove from pyrightconfig.ci.json as errors are fixed.

temp/tests/Python/fable_modules/thoth_json_python/encode.py
temp/tests/Python/test_applicative.py
temp/tests/Python/test_misc.py