Dagger cannot be sourced from the Bazel Central Repo based on this search:
https://registry.bazel.build/search?q=dagger
Unless it's hiding under another name, it must not be present in the central repo.
For anyone else having this issue, you can work around by using the old http_archive approach in your MODULE.bazel file like so:
http_archive = use_repo_rule("@bazel_tools//tools/build_defs/repo:http.bzl", "http_archive")
http_archive(
name = "dagger",
strip_prefix = "dagger-dagger-2.57",
urls = ["https://github.com/google/dagger/archive/dagger-2.57.zip"],
)